The present paper investigates the role of three SYNTACTIC modifications in the performances of EFL test takers on vocabulary measures across proficiency levels. It also addresses the relationship between SYNTACTIC awareness and performance on SYNTACTICally modified vocabulary tests. A proficiency test, three SYNTACTICally modified vocabulary tests, and a SYNTACTIC awareness test were administered to participants (N=112). The analyses of the results revealed that SYNTACTIC modification of vocabulary tests and level of language ability influence participants' ability to restore the words that best complete the test. Moreover, it was found that SYNTACTIC awareness is positively correlated with performance on different versions of SYNTACTICally modified vocabulary tests. On the basis of the findings language teachers are advised to raise students' SYNTACTIC awareness in order to help them use sentence context more effectively to Understand the meaning of new words.

Syntax representation could be considered as the most important phase in developing an NLP system. Most of the grammars used in these systems are phrase structure ones that try to analyze the sentence by decomposing it into sub constituents. There are alternatives to this approach and link grammar as one of them is based on the words instead of constituents, hence called lexical grammar. We are going to assess their ability for Farsi. We do this by starting from the basic relations in Farsi and adding relations to them one by one to give a set of rules for trivial patterns. In each step, link grammar parser on an appropriate test suit tests the validity of the rules.

Dr Makhzoomi who has known the syntax and morpholoigical problems of Arab students specially Iraqian students, tried to present a kind of syntax which is free of complication and he believes that it is closer to the nature of language that grammarians views which has come in a book "the analysis of Arabic syntax" which the author tried to explain that subject through an article. It is worthy to mention that Dr Makhzoomi represent his practical veiws in "Arabic syntax, rules and comparison". Makhzoomi, by enjoyment of other ideas and without prejudice tried to represent a kind of syntax which is learnable.

SYNTACTIC complexity (SC) is an important CONSTRUCT for gauging L2 writing proficiency. Previous studies, including Biber et al. (2016) and Dong et al. (2023), have largely focused on SYNTACTIC elaboration and disregarded SYNTACTIC diversity. This study investigates how academic writing proficiency is associated with SC, through an evaluation of both the variety and elaboration of sentence structures. To that end, a corpus of the abstract sections of MA theses, PhD dissertations, and empirical research articles in applied linguistics produced by Iranian English medium academic writers was compiled. Drawing on automated text analysis tools (Stanford Core NLP and L2 SC analyzer), we measured SYNTACTIC elaboration and diversity of the texts written by three distinct sets of academic authors. The results indicated that phrasal and global measures of SYNTACTIC elaboration significantly predicted academic writing proficiency in both novice and expert writers. The results of the second phase of the study indicated that the incorporation of SYNTACTIC diversity measure considerably increased the predictive power of the model. The pedagogical implications of the findings for academic writing instruction through consciousness-raising activities for both novice and expert writers are discussed.

This research has considered the issue of some grammarians, SYNTACTIC justifications and the description from which their misrepresentations originated. It is safe to mention that plenty of these grammarians have confused between some SYNTACTIC descriptions and the real grammatical functions (or role). Moreover, such SYNTACTIC justifications become more obvious in the problem of ''Similar to Object of a Verb'', because the objective of grammarians has been to describe an unusual state, not to express the grammatical function (or role) and its principle.

Generally speaking, cleft CONSTRUCTions are marked SYNTACTIC structures, which represent a simple logical proposition by two clauses. The relation of these CONSTRUCTions to more basic structures is determined in regard with the theoretical framework chosen for the analysis. In the one hand, transformational studies try to determine the underlying structure through using cleft CONSTRUCTion features. If copular sentences were considered as the basic structure for cleft CONSTRUCTions, the chosen analysis would be an extrapositioal one, and in the case of relating these structures to non-cleft structures, expletive analysis would be given. Recent efforts on studying cleft CONSTRUCTions will not be accommodated in none of the approaches above, on the other hand.Eventually, this paper indicates that transformational approaches can not well afford explaining these sentences, and thus a non-transformational approach must be chosen.

One of the constant subjects of debate in language has been the changes in different types of it. The changes have sometimes occurred in its structure or grammar and sometimes in its linguistic categories, phonemes, or meanings, which all take place in the aforementioned sections with the passage of time. Semantic changes are the most significant ones -a triple discussion of grammar and a neglected area in linguistic discussions. However, vocabulary books and dictionaries have just focused on the multiple meanings of words without alluding to such changes. Actually, if a research is carried out in this regard, it will turn to be a special reference book or a dictionary in some volumes. The present study is an attempt to examine the element of dependence of distinctive term “Nafar” in terms of semantic and categorical changes and to reveal its various constituents and current uses.